Risk factors Pneumonia
Risk factors
- Abdominal or thoracic surgery
- Age >65 yr.
- Air pollution
- Altered consciousness: alcoholism, head injury, seizures, anesthesia, drug overdose, stroke
- Bed rest and prolonged immobility
- Chronic diseases: chronic lung and liver disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cancer, chronic kidney disease
- Debilitating illness
- Exposure to bats, birds, rabbits, farm animals
- Immunosuppressive disease and/or therapy (corticosteroids, cancer chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplant)
- Inhalation or aspiration of noxious substances
- Intestinal and gastric feedings via nasogastric or nasointestinal tubes
- IV drug use
- Malnutrition
- Recent antibiotic therapy
- Resident of a long-term care facility
- Smoking
- Tracheal intubation (endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy)
- Upper respiratory tract infection
Clinical manifestation
- Most common
- Cough
- Fever, chills
- Dyspnea, tachypnea
- Pleuritic chest pain
- Green, yellow, or rust-colored sputum
- Change in mentation for older or debilitated patients
- Nonspecific manifestations
- Physical examination findings
- Fine or coarse crackles
- Bronchial breath sounds
- Egophony
- Increased fremitus
- Dullness to percussion if pleural effusion present