Risk factors Pneumonia Risk factors
Abdominal or thoracic surgery Age >65 yr. Air pollution Altered consciousness: alcoholism, head injury, seizures, anesthesia, drug overdose, stroke Bed rest and prolonged immobility Chronic diseases: chronic lung and liver disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cancer, chronic kidney disease Debilitating illness Exposure to bats, birds, rabbits, farm animals Immunosuppressive disease and/or therapy (corticosteroids, cancer chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplant) Inhalation or aspiration of noxious substances Intestinal and gastric feedings via nasogastric or nasointestinal tubes IV drug use Malnutrition Recent antibiotic therapy Resident of a long-term care facility Smoking Tracheal intubation (endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy) Upper respiratory tract infection Clinical manifestation
Most common Cough Fever, chills Dyspnea, tachypnea Pleuritic chest pain Green, yellow, or rust-colored sputum Change in mentation for older or debilitated patients Nonspecific manifestations Physical examination findings Fine or coarse crackles Bronchial breath sounds Egophony Increased fremitus Dullness to percussion if pleural effusion present